What is AIDS? What causes AIDS? AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. An HIV-positive person receives an AIDS diagnosis after developing one of the CDC-defined AIDS indicator illnesses. An HIV-positive person can also receive an AIDS diagnosis on the basis of certain blood tests (CD4 counts) and may not have experienced any serious illnesses. A positive HIV test does not mean that a person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician according to the CDC AIDS Case Definition. Over time, infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) can weaken the immune system to the point that the system has difficulty fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are known as opportunistic infections. Many of the infections that cause problems or that can be life-threatening for people with AIDS are usually controlled by a healthy immune system. The immune system of a person with AIDS has weakened to the point that medical intervention may be necessary to prevent or treat serious illness. What is the Difference Between HIV and AIDS?
How long does it take for HIV to cause AIDS? Currently, the average time between HIV infection and the appearance of signs that could lead to an AIDS diagnosis is 8-11 years. This time varies greatly from person to person and can depend on many factors including a person's health status and behaviors. Today there are medical treatments that can slow down the rate at which HIV weakens the immune system. There are other treatments that can prevent or cure some of the illnesses associated with AIDS. As with other diseases, early detection offers more options for treatment and preventative health care. What's the connection between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases? Having a sexually transmitted disease (STD) can increase a person's risk of becoming infected with HIV, whether or not that STD causes lesions or breaks in the skin. If the STD infection causes irritation of the skin, breaks or sores may make it easier for HIV to enter the body during sexual contact. Even an STD that causes no breaks or sores can stimulate an immune response in the genital area that can make HIV transmission more likely. Where did HIV come from? The most recent presentation on the origin of HIV was presented at the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunitistic Infections (Chicago, January 1999). At that conference, research was presented that suggested that HIV had "crossed over" into the human population from a particular species of chimpanzee, probably through blood contact that occurred during hunting and field dressing of the animals. The CDC states that the findings presented at this conference provide the strongest evidence to date that HIV-1 originated in non-human primates. The research findings were featured in the February 4,1999 issue of the journal, Nature. We know that the virus has existed in the United States, Haiti and Africa since at least 1977-1978. In 1979, rare types of pneumonia, cancer and other illnesses were being reported by doctors in Los Angeles and New York. The common thread was that these conditions were not usually found in persons with healthy immune systems. In 1982 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) officially named the condition AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). In 1984 the virus responsible for weakening the immune system was identified as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). How many people have HIV and AIDS? Worldwide: UNAIDS estimates that as of December 2000, there were an estimated 36.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS (34.7 million adults and 1.4 million children under 15). Since the epidemic began, an estimated 21.8 million people have died of AIDS (17.5 million adults and 4.3 million children under 15). An estimated 5.3 million new HIV infections occurred in 2000. During 2000, HIV- and AIDS-associated illnesses caused deaths of an estimated 3 million people, including 500,000 children under the age of 15. In the United States: According to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are between
800,000 and 900,000 people living with HIV. Through December 2000, a
total of 774,467 cases of AIDS have been reported to the CDC; of this
number, 448,060 persons (representing 58% of cases) have died. How can I tell if I'm infected with HIV? The only way to determine whether you are infected is to be tested for HIV infection. You can't rely on symptoms to know whether or not you are infected with HIV. Many people who are infected with HIV don't have any symptoms at all for many years. Similarly, you can't rely on symptoms to establish that a person has AIDS. The symptoms associated with AIDS are similar to the symptoms of many other diseases. AIDS is a diagnosis made by a doctor based on specific criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). What are the Symptoms of HIV? Primary HIV infection is the first stage of HIV disease, when the virus first establishes itself in the body. Some researchers use the term acute HIV infection to describe the period of time between when a person is first infected with HIV and when antibodies against the virus are produced by the body (usually 6- 12 weeks). Some people newly infected with HIV will experience some "flu-like" symptoms. These symptoms, which usually last no more than a few days, might include fevers, chills, night sweats and rashes (not cold-like symptoms). Other people either do not experience "acute infection," or have symptoms so mild that they may not notice them. Given the general character of the symptoms
of acute infection, they can easily have causes other than HIV, such
as a flu infection. For example, if you had some risk for HIV a few
days ago and are now experiencing flu-like symptoms, it might be possible
that HIV is responsible for the symptoms, but it is also possible that
you have some other viral infection. What are the Symptoms of HIV? Primary HIV infection is the first stage of HIV disease, when the virus first establishes itself in the body. Some researchers use the term acute HIV infection to describe the period of time between when a person is first infected with HIV and when antibodies against the virus are produced by the body (usually 6- 12 weeks). Some people newly infected with HIV will experience some "flu-like" symptoms. These symptoms, which usually last no more than a few days, might include fevers, chills, night sweats and rashes (not cold-like symptoms). Other people either do not experience "acute infection," or have symptoms so mild that they may not notice them. Given the general character of the symptoms
of acute infection, they can easily have causes other than HIV, such
as a flu infection. For example, if you had some risk for HIV a few
days ago and are now experiencing flu-like symptoms, it might be possible
that HIV is responsible for the symptoms, but it is also possible that
you have some other viral infection. How is HIV Transmitted? HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through: Blood (including menstrual blood) * Activities That Allow HIV Transmission Unprotected sexual contact Oral sex (mouth-penis, mouth-vagina): The mouth is an inhospitable environment for HIV (in semen, vaginal fluid or blood), meaning the risk of HIV transmission through the throat, gums, and oral membranes is lower than through vaginal or anal membranes. There are however, documented cases where HIV was transmitted orally, so we can't say that getting HIV-infected semen, vaginal fluid or blood in the mouth is without risk. However, oral sex is considered a low risk practice. Sharing injection needles: An injection needle can pass blood directly from one person's bloodstream to another. It is a very efficient way to transmit a blood-borne virus. Sharing needles is considered a high-risk practice. Mother to Child: It is possible for an HIV-infected mother to pass the virus directly before or during birth, or through breast milk. Breast milk contains HIV, and while small amounts of breast milk do not pose significant threat of infection to adults, it is a viable means of transmission to infants. The following "bodily fluids" are NOT infectious: Saliva Can I get HIV from oral sex? There is considerable debate within the HIV/AIDS prevention community regarding the risk of transmission of HIV through oral sex. What is currently known is that there is some risk associated with performing oral sex without protection; (there have been a few documented cases of HIV transmission through oral sex). While no one knows exactly what that risk is, cumulative evidence indicates that the risk is less than that of unprotected anal or vaginal sex. The risk from receiving oral sex, for both a man and a woman, is considered to be very low. Currently, risk reduction options when performing oral sex on a man (fellatio) include the use of latex condoms, but also include withdrawal before ejaculation without a condom (avoiding semen in the mouth) and/or refraining from this activity when cuts or sores are present in the mouth. When performing oral sex on a woman (cunnilingus),
moisture barriers such as a dam (sheet of latex), a cut-open and flattened
condom, or household plastic wrap can reduce the risk of exposure to
vaginal secretions and/or blood Can I get HIV from kissing? Casual contact through closed-mouth or
"social" kissing is not a risk for transmission of HIV. Because
of the potential for contact with blood during "French" or
open-mouth, wet kissing, CDC recommends against engaging in this activity
with a person known to be infected. However, the risk of acquiring HIV
during open-mouth kissing is believed to be very low. CDC has investigated
only one case of HIV infection that may be attributed to contact with
blood during open-mouth kissing. In this case both partners had extensive
dental problems including gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). It
is likely that there was blood present in both partners' mouths making
direct blood to blood contact a possibility. Can I get HIV from casual contact? (Shaking hands, hugging, using a toilet, drinking from the same glass, or the sneezing and coughing of an infected person.) No. HIV is not transmitted by day to day contact in the home, the workplace, schools, or social settings. HIV is not transmitted through shaking hands, hugging or a casual kiss. You cannot become infected from a toilet seat, a drinking fountain, a doorknob, dishes, drinking glasses, food, or pets. HIV is a fragile virus that does not live long outside the body. HIV is not an airborne or food borne virus. HIV is present in the blood, semen or vaginal secretions of an infected person and can be transmitted through unprotected vaginal, oral or anal sex or through sharing injection drug needles. Can a woman give HIV to a man during vaginal intercourse? Yes. If the woman is infected, HIV is present
in vaginal and cervical secretions (the wetness in a woman's vagina)
and can enter the penis through the urethra (the hole at the tip) or
through cuts or abrasions on the skin of the penis. The presence of
other STDs can increase the risk of transmission. The correct and consistent
use of a latex condom or female condom can reduce the risk of transmitting
HIV during vaginal intercourse. Types of HIV Tests What is an HIV antibody test? When HIV enters the body, it begins to attack certain white blood cells called T4 lymphocyte cells (helper cells). Your doctor may also call them CD4 cells. The immune system then produces antibodies to fight off the infection. Although these antibodies are ineffective in destroying HIV, their presence is used to confirm HIV infection. Therefore, the presence of antibodies to HIV result from HIV infection. HIV tests look for the presence of HIV antibodies; they do not test for the virus itself. What blood tests detect the presence of HIV? HIV testing consists of an initial screening with two types of tests commonly used to detect HIV infection. The most commonly used initial test is an enzyme immune assay (EIA) or the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). If EIA test results show a reaction, the test is repeated on the same blood sample. If the sample is repeatedly the same result or either duplicate test is reactive, the results are "confirmed" using a second test such as the Western blot. This more specific (and more expensive) test can tell the difference between HIV antibodies and other antibodies that can react to the EIA and cause false positive results. False positive EIA results are uncommon, but can occur. A person is considered infected following a repeatedly reactive result from the EIA, confirmed by the Western blot test. In addition to the EIA or ELISA and Western blot, other tests now available include: Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA):
A confirmatory blood test that may be used when antibody levels are
very low or difficult to detect, or when Western blot test results are
uncertain. An expensive test, the RIPA requires time and expertise to
perform. Do all HIV tests involve drawing blood? No. Urine and oral-fluid HIV tests offer alternatives for anyone reluctant to have blood drawn. Urine testing for HIV antibodies is not as sensitive or specific as blood testing. Available urine tests include an EIA and a Western blot test that can confirm EIA results. A physician must order these tests, and the results are reported to the ordering physician or his or her assistant. Orasure© and OraQuick Advance HIV1/2 are currently the only FDA approved oral-fluid tests. Fluid is collected from inside the mouth and analyzed using an EIA test and supplemental Western blot test, if necessary. Oral fluid tests are offered at many HIV testing locations. Contact a location near you to find out if this test is available. What are rapid HIV tests? A rapid HIV test is a test that usually produces results in up to 20 minutes. In comparison, results from the commonly used HIV-antibody screening test, the EIA, are not available for 1-2 weeks. There are currently four rapid HIV tests licensed for use in the United States: OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 and Advance HIV ½
Antibody Tests, manufactured by OraSure Technologies, Inc. What about home test kits? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved home-use HIV test kits, which allow consumers to interpret their own HIV test results in a few minutes. The Federal Trade Commission has warned that these home-use HIV test kits, many of which are available on the Internet, supply inaccurate results. Currently only the Home Access test is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The Home Access test kit can be found at most drug stores. The testing procedure involves pricking your finger, placing drops of blood on a specially treated card, and then mailing the card in for testing at a licensed laboratory. Customers are given an identification number to use when phoning for the test results. Callers may speak to a counselor before taking the test, while waiting for the test result, and when getting the result. Getting Tested Am I at risk? Evidence suggests that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, has been in the United States at least since 1978. The following are known risk factors for HIV infection. If you answer yes to any of these questions, you should definitely seek counseling and testing. You may be at increased risk of infection if any of the following apply to you since 1978. Have you injected drugs or steroids or
shared equipment (such as needles, syringes, cotton, water) with others?
If you plan to become pregnant, counseling and testing is even more important. If a woman is infected with HIV, medical therapies are available to lower the chance of passing HIV to the infant before, during, or after birth. How do I know if I am infected? The HIV-antibody test is the only way to tell if you are infected. You cannot tell by looking at someone if he or she carries HIV. Someone can look and feel perfectly healthy and still be infected. In fact, an estimated one-third of those who are HIV positive do not know it. Neither do their sex partners. When HIV enters the bloodstream, it begins to attack certain white blood cells called T4 lymphocyte cells (helper cells). The immune system then produces antibodies to fight off the infection. Therefore, the presence of antibodies to HIV result from HIV infection. Testing can tell you whether or not you have developed antibodies to HIV. If I think I have been exposed to HIV, how soon can I get tested? To find out when you should be tested, discuss it with your testing site staff or personal physician. The tests commonly used to detect HIV infection actually look for antibodies produced by your body to fight HIV. Most people will develop detectable antibodies within 3 months after infection, the average being 20 days. In rare cases, it can take 6-12 months. During the time between exposure and the test, it is important to avoid any behavior that might result in exposure to blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. Where can I get tested for HIV infection? Many places offer HIV testing including local health departments, private doctors' offices, hospitals, and sites specifically set up to provide HIV testing. It is important to get tested at a place that also provides counseling about HIV and AIDS. Counselors can answer any questions you might have about risky behavior and ways you can protect yourself and others in the future. In addition, counselors can help you understand the meaning of the test results and tell you about AIDS-related resources in your area. CDC-INFO (formerly the CDC National AIDS Hotline) can answer questions about testing and can refer you to testing sites in your area. You can also search this Website for a list of sites in your area. You may call CDC-INFO for assistance in English or in Spanish 24 hours a day, 365 days a year at: 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) What if I test positive for HIV? If you test positive for HIV, immediate medical treatment and a healthy lifestyle can help you stay well. There are now many drugs that treat HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses. Prompt medical care may help delay the onset of AIDS and prevent some life-threatening conditions. You can immediately take a number of important steps to protect your health: See a doctor, even if you do not feel sick.
Try to find a doctor who has experience in treating HIV. If I test HIV negative, does that mean that my partner is HIV negative also? No. Your HIV test result reveals only your HIV status. Your negative test result does not tell you whether your partner has HIV. HIV is not necessarily transmitted every time there is an exposure. Therefore, your taking an HIV test should not be seen as a method to find out if your partner is infected. Testing should never take the place of protecting yourself from HIV infection. If your behaviors are putting you at risk for exposure to HIV, it is important to reduce your risks. What happens if I am infected with HIV? Being infected with HIV does not necessarily mean you have AIDS. It does mean you will carry the virus in your body for the rest of your life. It also means you can infect other people if you do things - such as have unprotected sex - that can transmit HIV. You can infect others even if you feel fine and have no symptoms of illness. Perhaps more importantly, you can infect others when you don't know you carry HIV. Why is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommending that pregnant woman be tested for HIV? Highly effective interventions exist that can prevent HIV-infected women from transmitting the virus to their infants. The timely administration of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy can reduce the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission to 1-2 percent, and also improve the health of the mother. When preventive anti-retroviral treatment is not initiated until labor and delivery or given solely to the newborn, the risk of transmission is estimated at about 9 percent to 13 percent. Without any intervention, the chance of transmission is approximately 25 percent in the United States. To reduce HIV transmission in the United States, CDC recommends that all pregnant women Receive prenatal care; Talking With Your Doctor about your HIV infection, HIV stages and symptoms As you know, living well with HIV means taking good care of your health on a daily basis. It also means working closely with your doctor and health care team. Together, you can make a plan to fight the virus, prevent other infections from occurring, and improve the quality of your life. Determining the stage of HIV is an important step in the medical evaluation of people who have tested positive for HIV. It involves assessing how much the infection has affected the body. The staging system is based on your CD4 cell counts and the presence of certain infections or conditions. These indicate whether the HIV infection has progressed to AIDS. Clinical Categories
** These are symptomatic conditions not included in Category C that are a) due to HIV infection or b) require treatment or management that is complicated by HIV infection. The more you understand about HIV, how it affects your body, and how it is treated, the better you will be able to discuss your health with your doctor. Click on the following links for tips on how to prepare for your next appointment. This section also includes a checklist that you can print out and take to your next doctor appointment to help guide your discussion. Ayurveda & AIDS AIDS- MODERN CONCEPT The virus that causes ' Aids' - HIV belongs to a family of viruses known as retroviruses. HIV looks like a rolled up porcupine. It contain two snakes like single strands of RNA along with reverse transcripts firmly wrapped up in a core, giving HIV its characteristic appearance. On entering the white blood cells known as CD 4 cells, HIV produces its own DNA and sees to it that this gets inserted into the DNA of the host cell. The viral DNA has enough power and information to direct the destiny of the cell. It can force the cell to manufacture several new copies of HIV. However due to certain trigger and regulatory mechanisms, the viral DNA lies dormant in the host cell for several years before it begins to do the damage. People infected with HIV may take 7 - 10 years to develop AIDS. AIDS AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE The disease is caused by the dominant kapha dosha along with the other doshas tends to block the path for the flow of rasadi dhatus in their respective locations thus resulting in the deterioration of saptha dhatu Rasa(plasma), Rakta (blood cells),Mansa ( muscular tissue), Meda (adipose tissue), Asthi (bony tissue), Majja (bone marrow) and the Shukra (reproductive tissue). thus resulting into the disease. The major symptoms are: loss of appetite, drastic loss of weight-emaciation
The first step to stem the disease is to
ensure a good and healthy atmosphere for the patient. He should be surrounded
by well meaning friends and relatives who must affirm that the disease
state is totally curable. Nothing negative should be discussed before
the patient. Initially, the patient is given tonics and rejuvenators (Rasayanas) to boost immunity levels and to strengthen the system and stimulate appetite. After gaining some strength, shodhana (elimination) techniques are used to expel toxins from the body through enemas, purgation and emesis. The medications administered at this stage are not hard or drastic, but soft, ghee-based so that the patient withstands them with ease. Secondly the blood is purified with appropriate medications. Liver corrective measures also play an important role. A strengthening diet along with medicated ghee preparations and soups is recommended. But spicy, oily and acidic foods are to be avoided. A little alcohol is recommended as anupana (carrier) to aid the digestive process, and also remove blockages in the flow of Rasadi dhatus, i.e. srothorodha. Patient is advised to do regular exercise. If the patient is incapable of exercising or running due to weakness, then steaming (swedanam) is also recommended. reason behind this is 'Heated blood is said to weaken, and even destroy, the virus in some cases'. Experience has shown that certain herbo-mineral compounds prepared as per the formulae prescribed by sages like Agasthya, Charaka, Sarangadhara and others for the treatment of Kshaya have brought about significant results in improving the condition of AIDS patients. The Rasayana and Vajikara effects of the these medicines are good for the patients. Some of the propritery ayurvedic medicines achieving good improvement in the quality of life of patients include 'Chyavanprash', 'Raktavardhak' for Immunity building and 'Sookshma triphla tabs' to keep awaythe the infection. CHYAVANPRASH: This is an Ayurvedic herbal formula which increases ojas, and restores the digestive, eliminative, respiratory and sexual systems. It is frequently employed in wasting conditions where it has been clinically shown to improve health and assist with weight gain. The main ingredient in Chyavanprash is 'Amalaki'- the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), which has the highest yield of natural source vitamin C, with 3000 mg per fruit. It is also a rich source of naturally occurring anti-oxidants including bioflavonoids, vitamin B-complex and carotenes (vitamin A). Studies suggest that this berry possesses antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. It assists digestion, lowers high blood pressure and lowers blood cholesterol. Clinical research has shown that it accelerates repair of muscle and skin and enhances natural anti-inflammatory substances. Chayvanprash also contains about 35 others herbs which amplify and augment the effects of its main ingredient; such a powerful formulation may indeed be helpful in the treatment of persons who have been diagnosed with AIDS. All About HIV/AIDS Aids AIDS HIV/AIDS Statistics Infectious Diseases are a HIV AIDS Reports HIV/AIDS in Africa AIDS Conference AIDS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[5]
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